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Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder
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Untangling secondary traumatic stress and vicarious traumatization: One construct or two?

Stephanie Gusler1, Ginny Sprang1, Caitlyn Hood2

  • 1Center on Trauma and Children, University of Kentucky.

Psychological Trauma : Theory, Research, Practice and Policy
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Summary

Secondary traumatic stress (STS) and vicarious traumatization (VT) are related but distinct constructs. Expanded STS definitions may capture some, but not all, cognitive impacts of indirect trauma exposure.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Trauma Studies
  • Mental Health

Background:

  • Indirect trauma exposure can lead to significant psychological distress in professionals.
  • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) expanded the definition of secondary traumatic stress (STS) to include negative mood and cognition symptoms.
  • The utility of vicarious traumatization (VT) as a distinct construct alongside STS requires further examination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the expanded definition of STS fully encompasses the effects of indirect trauma exposure.
  • To determine if vicarious traumatization (VT) remains a valuable and separate construct for assessing indirect trauma exposure reactions.
  • To explore the overlap and distinctiveness between STS and VT.

Main Methods:

  • An online survey was administered to 613 professionals working with trauma survivors.
  • Correlational analyses were employed to examine the relationships between STS and VT.
  • Network analysis was utilized to assess the unique and shared components of STS and VT.

Main Results:

  • The study sample reported high levels of STS and indirect trauma exposure.
  • Increased daily indirect trauma exposure was linked to most STS and VT domains.
  • Less professional experience correlated with all STS and VT domains.
  • Network analysis indicated that STS and VT are distinct yet related constructs.

Conclusions:

  • The expanded STS definition, including negative mood/cognition, may not entirely capture or replace VT.
  • Additional STS symptoms may strengthen the connection between STS and VT.
  • Current STS measures may account for some, but not all, cognitive effects of indirect trauma exposure.