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Related Concept Videos

Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

Cleavage and Blastulation

After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I01:26

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
Development of the Heart01:27

Development of the Heart

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Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus

Development of the reproductive organs in an embryo starts from a bipotential state. This means the early embryo can develop either male or female reproductive organs. The formation of these organs begins with the growth of gonadal ridges that arise from the intermediate mesoderm during the fifth week of development.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

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Comprehensive cell atlas of the first-trimester developing human brain.

Emelie Braun1, Miri Danan-Gotthold1, Lars E Borm1

  • 1Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 12, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study maps early human brain development, identifying ~600 cell states and their differentiation paths. Findings reveal how diverse neuronal and glial cell types establish during the first trimester.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The adult human brain exhibits remarkable cellular diversity, with over a thousand neuronal and glial cell types.
  • This complexity arises during early embryonic development, a process not fully understood.
  • Understanding early brain development is crucial for addressing neurodevelopmental disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To precisely map the sequence of cellular events during early human brain development.
  • To identify distinct cell states and their developmental trajectories.
  • To understand the spatial organization of developing cell types in the human brain.

Main Methods:

  • Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to analyze individual cell gene expression.
  • Spatial transcriptomics to map cell types to anatomical locations.
  • Analysis of human brain tissue from 5 to 14 postconceptional weeks (pcw).

Main Results:

  • Identification of 12 major cell classes comprising approximately 600 distinct cell states.
  • Mapping of these cell states to precise spatial anatomical domains at 5 pcw.
  • Detailed description of differentiation trajectories for the human forebrain and midbrain.
  • Discovery of region-specific glioblasts maturing into distinct pre-astrocytes and pre-oligodendrocyte precursor cells.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals the establishment of diverse neuronal and glial cell types during the first trimester of human brain development.
  • Provides a comprehensive atlas of early human brain cellular organization and differentiation.
  • Offers insights into the origins of cellular diversity in the human brain.