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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Updated: Jul 13, 2025

Designing CAD/CAM Surgical Guides for Maxillary Reconstruction Using an In-house Approach
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Models and materials for teaching auricular framework carving: A systematic review.

Naomi Nandra1, Thomas H Jovic1, Stephen R Ali1

  • 1Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre. Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK; Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK.

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Summary

Practicing auricular framework carving for ear reconstruction requires effective training models. Junior surgeons benefit from synthetic materials, animal cartilage, or 3D printing for skill development.

Keywords:
Auricular carvingMedical educationSimulationTeaching

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Medical Education
  • Biomaterials Science

Background:

  • Ear reconstruction surgery, specifically auricular framework carving, presents significant technical challenges.
  • The patient-specific nature of auricular anatomy necessitates specialized training models for surgical practice and planning.

Conclusions:

  • For junior surgeons, repetitive practice with inexpensive synthetic materials, followed by animal cartilage or 3D-printed silicone, is recommended for skill acquisition.
  • Experienced surgeons can utilize cross-sectional imaging and 3D printing of the contralateral ear for pre-operative simulation and precise matching.