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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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IL-2-driven CD8+ T cell phenotypes: implications for immunotherapy.

Veronika Niederlova1, Oksana Tsyklauri1, Marek Kovar2

  • 1Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.

Trends in Immunology
|October 12, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) cancer therapies show promise by activating CD8+ T cells. New chimeric proteins may overcome limitations, suggesting regulatory T cells’ (Tregs) role in suppressing immunity is overestimated.

Keywords:
IL-2PD-1cancercytotoxic T cellsimmunotherapyregulatory T cell

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has known therapeutic potential in cancer, but clinical use is limited.
  • Chimeric proteins combining anti-PD-1 antibodies and IL-2 variants induce potent antitumor immunity in mice.
  • This immunity is mediated by unique effector CD8+ T cells, similar to those generated by regulatory T cell (Treg) depletion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the cellular mechanisms by which IL-2-based biologics enhance antitumor responses.
  • To propose a revised understanding of the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the context of IL-2 immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review and interpretation of recent findings on IL-2 variants and chimeric protein therapies.
  • Analysis of T cell subsets, specifically CD8+ T cells and Tregs, in response to immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • IL-2-based biologics can induce potent antitumor and antiviral immunity via specific CD8+ T cell activation.
  • IL-2 sequestration by Tregs is a proposed mechanism for Treg-mediated suppression of CD8+ T cells.
  • The contribution of Tregs to immune suppression in IL-2-treated patients may be less significant than previously thought.

Conclusions:

  • IL-2-based biologics offer a promising strategy for boosting antitumor immunity at the cellular level.
  • Re-evaluation of the role of Tregs in IL-2 immunotherapy is warranted, potentially revealing new therapeutic avenues.