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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2025

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Undescended superior parathyroid: A case report.

Elliott M Sina1, Chihun J Han2, Elizabeth E Cottrill2

  • 1Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA.

Clinical Case Reports
|October 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Ectopic parathyroid adenomas, rare causes of primary hyperparathyroidism, can be located in unusual sites like the pyriform sinus. Advanced imaging like SPECT/CT and 4D CT aids in diagnosis and surgical planning for these challenging cases.

Keywords:
ectopic parathyroidparathyroid adenomaparathyroidectomyprimary hyperparathyroidismundescended parathyroid gland

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Aberrant parathyroid gland migration during embryogenesis can lead to ectopic glands.
  • Primary hyperparathyroidism is often caused by parathyroid adenomas, typically located in the neck.

Observation:

  • A case of primary hyperparathyroidism was investigated in a 41-year-old female.
  • Initial ultrasound and sestamibi scans failed to localize the parathyroid adenoma.
  • SPECT/CT and 4-D computed tomography identified an ectopic parathyroid adenoma in the pyriform sinus.

Findings:

  • The ectopic parathyroid adenoma was surgically removed, leading to a biochemical cure of hyperparathyroidism.
  • Post-excision parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels significantly decreased, confirming successful treatment.
  • The surgical approach was tailored to the unique anatomical location of the adenoma.

Implications:

  • Undescended or ectopic parathyroid adenomas should be considered in cases of non-localizing preoperative imaging or failed prior surgeries.
  • Combined use of advanced imaging modalities like 99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT and 4D CT can enhance diagnostic accuracy for ectopic adenomas.
  • Preoperative patient counseling must address potential surgical complexities, including the possibility of a second incision for four-gland exploration.