Glial-derived mitochondrial signals affect neuronal proteostasis and aging

The nervous system plays a critical role in maintaining whole-organism homeostasis; neurons experiencing mitochondrial stress can coordinate the induction of protective cellular pathways, such as the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR^MT), between tissues. However, these studies largely ignored nonneuronal cells of the nervous system. Here, we found that UPR^MT activation in four astrocyte-like glial cells in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, can promote protein homeostasis by alleviating protein aggregation in neurons. Unexpectedly, we find that glial cells use small clear vesicles (SCVs) to signal to neurons, which then relay the signal to the periphery using dense-core vesicles (DCVs). This work underlines the importance of glia in establishing and regulating protein homeostasis within the nervous system, which can then affect neuron-mediated effects in organismal homeostasis and longevity.