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Related Concept Videos

Residual Stresses01:26

Residual Stresses

225
Residual stresses reside in a structure even after removing the original stress inducer. This phenomenon often arises from varied plastic deformations across different parts of a structure. Consider a rod stretched beyond its yield point. It will not regain its original length due to permanent deformation. Even after load removal, the rod does not entirely lose stress because of uneven plastic deformations, resulting in residual stresses. The computation of these stresses in structures is...
225
Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts01:10

Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts

180
In materials that exhibit elastic and plastic behavior, known as elastoplastic materials, residual stresses can accumulate when these materials experience plastic deformation. This deformation arises from either high levels of shearing stress or significant strains. Residual stresses are internal stresses that persist within a material after removing the external force causing deformation. This phenomenon is demonstrated when observing the behavior of a shaft under torque; notably, the...
180
Stress Concentrations01:24

Stress Concentrations

338
Stress concentration is when stress intensifies near discontinuities such as holes or abrupt cross-sectional changes in a structural member. This localized stress can often surpass the average stress within the member. The stress distribution in flat bars, either with a circular hole or varying widths connected by fillets, can be determined experimentally using a photoelastic method. The results are based on ratios of geometric parameters like the ratio of the hole's radius to the smaller...
338
Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control01:07

Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control

135
Proportional-Derivative (PD) control is a widely used control method in various engineering systems to enhance stability and performance. In a system with only proportional control, common issues include high maximum overshoot and oscillation, observed in both the error signal and its rate of change. This behavior can be divided into three distinct phases: initial overshoot, subsequent undershoot, and gradual stabilization.
Consider the example of control of motor torque. Initially, a positive...
135
Residual Stresses in Bending01:18

Residual Stresses in Bending

181
In the study of elastoplastic members subjected to bending moments, understanding the loading and unloading phases is crucial for assessing material behavior and structural integrity. During the loading phase, as the bending moment increases, the material initially responds elastically, adhering to Hooke's Law, where stress is directly proportional to strain. When the load exceeds the yield strength, plastic deformation occurs, resulting in permanent strain and deformation that remains even...
181
Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts01:18

Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts

185
Consider the elastic torsion formula, which applies to a circular shaft with a consistent cross-section. This formula assumes that the shaft's ends are loaded with rigid plates firmly attached. However, in many cases, torques are applied to the shaft through mechanisms like flange couplings or gears, which are connected by keys inserted into keyways. This application method modifies the stress distribution near the point of torque application, causing it to deviate from the distributions...
185

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2025

Production of Single Tracks of Ti-6Al-4V by Directed Energy Deposition to Determine the Layer Thickness for Multilayer Deposition
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Residual Stress Control Using Process Optimization in Directed Energy Deposition.

Manping Cheng1,2, Xi Zou3, Yang Pan3

  • 1Research Institute of Automobile Parts Technology, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 14, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Directed Energy Deposition (DED) using continuous-wave (CW) lasers causes residual stress. Pulse-wave (PW) lasers effectively reduce thermal gradients and stress, improving part quality and density in DED processes.

Keywords:
316L stainless steeladditive manufacturingprocess parametersresidual stressthermodynamic response

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science and Engineering
  • Additive Manufacturing
  • Thermal Analysis

Background:

  • Directed Energy Deposition (DED) is an additive manufacturing process susceptible to thermal phenomena.
  • Conventional continuous-wave (CW) lasers in DED induce significant thermal history, strain, and residual stress.
  • Process parameters like laser power and scanning speed influence these thermal responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the thermodynamic response in CW laser-based DED.
  • To investigate the impact of process parameters on thermal gradients, strain, and residual stress.
  • To propose and evaluate pulse-wave (PW) lasers for mitigating residual stress in DED.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of thermal history, thermal strain, and residual stress in CW laser DED.
  • Systematic study of process parameter effects (laser power, scanning speed) on thermal gradients.
  • Introduction and evaluation of a pulse-wave (PW) laser mode for residual stress control.

Main Results:

  • Decreasing temperature gradients can reduce residual stress, but may compromise forming quality and density.
  • CW laser DED results in significant temperature gradients and associated residual stresses.
  • PW laser mode effectively reduces both temperature gradients and in-situ thermal stress release during DED.

Conclusions:

  • Residual stress in DED is closely linked to temperature gradients and thermal stress.
  • Optimizing process parameters for CW lasers has limitations in reducing residual stress without affecting quality.
  • PW lasers offer a promising approach to actively control and significantly reduce residual stress in DED components.