[Planned dairy herd health II. An integrated gynecological program]

Integrated gynaecological programmes play an extremely important role in total herd health control by ensuring the maintenance of optimal reproduction and production. The economic implications of reduced breeding efficiency manifest in, and are reflected by total lifetime milk production, the size of the calf drop, the availability of replacement animals and increased involuntary culling rate. Measured against production costs (feed, labour and veterinary expenses), lowered reproductive efficiency erodes the margin of profitability of the farming enterprise. Herd health programmes must be well planned, stringently implemented and regularly evaluated to ensure their effectiveness. To this end they must be based on simple and practical guidelines which can be adapted as required to cope with varied farming and management conditions. This paper outlines the setting of clear objectives, factors to consider during the introductory phasing in of an integrated gynaecological programme and details of each subsequent routine visit. Ideal objectives are presented and discussed in terms of the individual animal as well as the herd. Suggested figures for each parameter are given. The significance of oestrus observation is stressed as cardinal to the attainment of many of the set objectives. The significance of calf management as the nucleus of the production of a healthy heifer replacement herd is discussed. During the introductory phase, which can be a protracted period, the foundation for routine visits is laid. Herd structure is defined, facilities are evaluated, record systems are set up and the farmer is groomed as to his role in the successful implementation of the planned programme. The value of a control questionnaire is highlighted, and factors considered are set out. The method of the routine gynaecological programme is discussed in detail. The necessity for a standard examination list is set out and the various categories of cows to be examined on each routine visit is clearly outlined, with important factors relating to each being highlighted. Examples of the various forms used are given. Evaluation of the acquired data should be done immediately, and discussed with the farmer during the current visit. Findings can be compared with those of previous visits, analysed, and recommendations may be considered immediately in consultation with the farmer. Dairy farming is a highly complex farming enterprise involving large capital outlays, intensification of labour and astute management for optimal and economic production.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)