Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

7.2K
The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
7.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effect of Acute Insulin Therapy on Retinal Layers in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus.

Current eye research·2026
Same author

Serum Markers of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Keratoconus: Ischemia-Modified Albumin, Malondialdehyde, and Total Thiol Levels.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)·2026
Same author

​Altered serum biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in primary open-angle glaucoma.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Real-world effectiveness and safety of eculizumab in AQP4-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

Journal of neurology·2026
Same author

Efficacy of Bakuchiol in a Rat Model of Chemical Eye Injury.

Current eye research·2026
Same author

Comparative Analysis of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in 50 Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Patients.

Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2025

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
09:17

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

Published on: November 6, 2017

21.7K

Retinal clues for selective neuronal loss in multiple sclerosis.

Vedat Cilingir1,2, Erbil Seven3

  • 1Department of Neurology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Bardakcı, Tusba, 65300, Van, Turkey. vedatcilingir@yahoo.com.

Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
|October 14, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The ganglion cell layer divided by inner plexiform layer (GCL/IPL) ratio can predict cognitive impairment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients. This retinal measurement shows a stronger correlation with cognitive performance than GCL thickness alone.

Keywords:
Cognitive impairmentGanglion cell layer; Selective neuronal lossMultiple sclerosisRetinal changesRetinal degeneration

More Related Videos

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
12:23

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

Published on: April 14, 2014

14.1K
Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

11.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2025

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
09:17

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

Published on: November 6, 2017

21.7K
Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
12:23

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

Published on: April 14, 2014

14.1K
Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

11.5K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Cognitive impairment (CI) is a significant issue in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.
  • The relationship between specific retinal layers and cognitive performance (CP) in MS has not been fully elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To predict cognitive impairment (CI) in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients.
  • To examine the relationship between cognitive performance (CP) and the ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and their ratio (GCL/IPL).

Main Methods:

  • Retinal segmentation using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and cognitive testing (Symbol Digit Modalities Test - SDMT) were performed on 102 RRMS patients and 54 healthy controls.
  • Spearman's correlation was used to assess relationships between retinal parameters and CP in eyes without optic neuritis history.
  • Logistic regression and ROC analysis were employed to determine the predictive value of GCL/IPL for CI.

Main Results:

  • No significant correlation between OCT parameters and CP was observed in healthy subjects.
  • In RRMS patients, both GCL thickness and the GCL/IPL ratio correlated with CP (r=0.235 and r=0.667, respectively).
  • A GCL/IPL cutoff of 1.255 accurately predicted CI with 81.8% sensitivity and 75.9% specificity (AUC=0.844).

Conclusions:

  • Inner plexiform layer (IPL) thickness is not associated with cognitive performance in RRMS patients.
  • The GCL/IPL ratio demonstrates a stronger association with cognitive performance than GCL thickness alone.
  • GCL/IPL serves as a reliable predictor of cognitive impairment in RRMS.