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Emotional functioning in long COVID: Comparison to post-concussion syndrome using the Personality Assessment

Laura Fry¹, Allison Logemann¹, Eric Waldron¹

¹Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

The Clinical Neuropsychologist

|October 15, 2023

Summary

Long COVID patients exhibit similar psychological distress and cognitive functioning to those with post-concussion syndrome (PCS). This suggests psychological treatments effective for PCS may benefit Long COVID individuals, warranting further research.

Keywords:

Long COVID Personality Assessment Inventory post-acute sequalae of COVID-19 (PASC)post-concussion syndrome psychological assessment

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Psychology
Public Health

Background:

Long COVID is associated with significant emotional distress and cognitive impairments.
Understanding the psychological underpinnings of Long COVID is crucial for effective management.
Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) shares psychological components, making it a relevant comparison.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare psychological functioning between Long COVID and PCS outpatients using the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI).
To identify similarities and differences in personality responses between the two groups.

Main Methods:

201 Long COVID outpatients and 102 PCS outpatients were assessed using the PAI.
Statistical analyses included effect sizes and t-tests on PAI validity, clinical, interpersonal, and treatment scales.
Comparison focused on mean scale elevations between the Long COVID and PCS groups.

Main Results:

Both Long COVID and PCS groups showed highest mean elevations on the SOM (Somatic Complaints) and DEP (Depression) scales of the PAI.
No statistically significant differences were found in mean scale elevations between the Long COVID and PCS groups.
Replicated earlier findings on PAI in Long COVID.

Conclusions:

Psychological functioning appears similar between Long COVID and PCS patients.
Neuropsychological evaluations for both populations should include assessments of psychological functioning.
Psychological treatment strategies successful for PCS may be applicable to Long COVID patients, pending further investigation.