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Related Concept Videos

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome: A case report.

Kapil Dawadi1, Prajwal Dahal1, Binuda Poudyal2

  • 1Department of Radiology and Imaging, Grande International Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Radiology Case Reports
|October 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is a rare congenital disorder. Early diagnosis and prompt hormonal therapy are crucial for good prognosis in patients with PSIS.

Keywords:
EctopicHypoplasticPituitary stalk interruption syndrome

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Congenital Abnormalities

Background:

  • Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by a triad of abnormalities: a thin or interrupted pituitary stalk, anterior pituitary hypoplasia/aplasia, and absent/ectopic posterior pituitary.
  • The syndrome typically presents with symptoms related to anterior pituitary hormonal deficiencies.

Observation:

  • The exact etiology of PSIS remains unclear, though genetic factors are considered the most common cause.
  • Patients commonly exhibit hormonal deficiencies stemming from the underdeveloped anterior pituitary gland.

Findings:

  • Diagnosis of PSIS relies heavily on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, which reveal the characteristic pituitary stalk and gland abnormalities.
  • Genetic investigations are increasingly important for understanding the underlying causes of PSIS.

Implications:

  • Early diagnosis of PSIS is vital for timely intervention and management.
  • Prompt initiation of hormonal replacement therapy significantly improves patient outcomes and reduces long-term morbidity.
  • Understanding the genetic basis of PSIS may lead to improved diagnostic tools and targeted therapies.