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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

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Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
244
Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

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Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

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Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
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Related Experiment Video

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Fluorescence Assays for the Study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Interaction with the Immune Receptor SLAMF1
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Immune interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Petro Booysen1,2, Katalin A Wilkinson1,2,3, Dylan Sheerin4,5

  • 1Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.

Frontiers in Immunology
|October 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and tuberculosis (TB) increases mortality. Understanding the immune response in co-infected patients is crucial for improving outcomes, as both pathogens modulate immune cells, potentially impairing immunity to COVID-19.

Keywords:
Bacille Calmette GuérinCOVID-19LTBIT cellsco-infectionimmune responselatent TBtranscriptomics

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are leading infectious causes of death globally.
  • Co-infection with COVID-19 and tuberculosis (TB) is associated with increased mortality.
  • The immune interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and Mtb in co-infected individuals require elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Mtb co-infection.
  • To analyze immunopathological responses in co-infected humans and animal models.
  • To review evidence on the clinical association and immune modulation in COVID-19 and TB co-infection.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed and preprint databases (post-January 2020).
  • Inclusion of studies investigating innate and acquired immune responses in humans and animal models.
  • Evaluation of immunopathological responses and clinical trials, including BCG vaccination studies.

Main Results:

  • Co-infection incidence is likely underestimated in high TB burden areas.
  • Both SARS-CoV-2 and Mtb modulate key immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells.
  • Co-infection may lead to impaired SARS-CoV-2 immunity and exacerbated inflammation, with potential modulation of T cell responses to Mtb.

Conclusions:

  • Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Mtb significantly impacts patient outcomes due to complex immune interactions.
  • Immune modulation by co-infection can result in heightened inflammatory responses and altered T cell dynamics.
  • Current evidence does not support a clinical benefit of BCG vaccination against COVID-19.