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Related Concept Videos

Space Trusses: Problem Solving01:29

Space Trusses: Problem Solving

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A space truss is a three-dimensional counterpart of a planar truss. These structures consist of members connected at their ends, often utilizing ball-and-socket joints to create a stable and versatile framework. Due to its adaptability and capacity to withstand complex loads, the space truss is widely used in various construction projects.
Consider a tripod consisting of a tetrahedral space truss with a ball-and-socket joint at C. Suppose the height and lengths of the horizontal and vertical...
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Method of Joints: Problem Solving II01:30

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Consider a truss structure with frictionless joints fixed to a wall and roller support. If a force of 150 N is applied to joint A, the forces in each member of the truss can be determined using the method of joints.
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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The method of joints is a commonly used technique to analyze the forces in structural trusses. The method is based on the principle of equilibrium, which assumes that the truss members are connected by frictionless pins. The forces at each joint can be determined by considering the equilibrium of the forces acting on that joint. Consider a truss structure with two forces of 20 N and 10 N acting at joints C and D, respectively. The method of joints can be used to determine the forces FCB, FDC,...
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Machines are complex structures consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that work together to transmit forces. Consider a lifting tong carrying a 100 kg load. It comprises movable sections DAF and CBG linked together with member AB.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2025

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
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Force Transfer through the Scaphotrapeziotrapezoid (STT) Joint.

Nicholas Parody1, Shengnan Huang1, Catherine Petchprapa1

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, New York University, New York.

Journal of Wrist Surgery
|October 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study modeled wrist types to predict scaphotrapeziotrapezoidal (STT) joint motion under load. Different wrist types exhibit distinct STT joint movements, potentially explaining osteoarthritis patterns.

Keywords:
STT jointforce transferlunate typewrist

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Biomechanics
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • The scaphotrapeziotrapezoidal (STT) joint is crucial for force transmission from the thumb and fingers to the proximal carpal row.
  • While STT joint osteoarthritis is common, its mechanical role in wrist function is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model normal wrist types and predict scaphotrapeziotrapezoidal (STT) joint motion under applied loads.
  • To investigate the biomechanical differences in STT joint movement between Type 1 and Type 2 wrist morphologies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized computed tomography scans from five Type 1 and five Type 2 wrists to create 3D models.
  • Applied a 200-N force to the trapezoid and capitate bones to simulate knuckle push-up loading conditions.
  • Employed finite element analysis to predict and quantify bony movements within the STT joint.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in STT joint motion were observed between Type 1 and Type 2 wrists when loading the index and middle fingers.
  • Type 1 wrists showed greater anterior-posterior movement, while Type 2 wrists exhibited more medial-lateral and proximal-distal motion.
  • The trapezium in Type 1 wrists moved more in the coronal plane, and the trapezoid in Type 2 wrists showed greater distal-to-proximal movement (p=0.03).

Conclusions:

  • Distinct patterns of STT joint motion exist between Type 1 and Type 2 wrists under load.
  • Type 2 wrists demonstrate increased radial movement, approaching the scaphoid and scapholunate ligament.
  • These findings offer a potential biomechanical explanation for degenerative changes and could inform arthritis prevention strategies.