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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests
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Post-viral olfactory loss and parosmia.

Zhen Yu Liu1, Luigi Angelo Vaira2, Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo3

  • 1Department of ENT Surgery, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia.

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|October 16, 2023
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SARS-CoV-2 infection frequently causes olfactory dysfunction, including smell loss and parosmia. Understanding the mechanisms and exploring treatments like olfactory training are crucial for patient recovery.

Keywords:
epidemiologypathology, surgicalpharmacology, clinicalphysiology

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neuroscience
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection is a major cause of olfactory dysfunction, affecting up to 50% of individuals.
  • This dysfunction includes smell loss and parosmia, a distressing distortion of smell, impacting quality of life.
  • While early smell loss mechanisms are understood, persistent dysfunction and parosmia after viral infections require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To contextualize parosmia within post-viral olfactory dysfunction.
  • To explore potential molecular mechanisms underlying persistent smell dysfunction and parosmia.
  • To review current and potential therapeutic options for olfactory dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on SARS-CoV-2 and olfactory dysfunction.
  • Analysis of proposed molecular mechanisms including cellular changes and receptor expression.
  • Evaluation of current treatment strategies and research gaps.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory dysfunction, particularly parosmia, is a significant and distressing consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • Potential mechanisms for persistent olfactory dysfunction include neuronal depletion, inflammation, and altered receptor expression.
  • Effective therapeutic options are limited, with olfactory training and supportive care being essential.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms of persistent olfactory dysfunction and parosmia.
  • Evidence supporting treatments like steroids or supplements for olfactory recovery is currently insufficient.
  • Investigating the efficacy of various interventions for both quantitative olfactory function and parosmia is critical.