Quantization and its breakdown in a Hubbard-Thouless pump

Geometric properties of wave functions can explain the appearance of topological invariants in many condensed-matter and quantum systems¹. For example, topological invariants describe the plateaux observed in the quantized Hall effect and the pumped charge in its dynamic analogue-the Thouless pump^2-4. However, the presence of interparticle interactions can affect the topology of a material, invalidating the idealized formulation in terms of Bloch waves. Despite pioneering experiments in different platforms^5-9, the study of topological matter under variations in interparticle interactions has proven challenging¹⁰. Here we experimentally realize a topological Thouless pump with fully tuneable Hubbard interactions in an optical lattice and observe regimes with robust pumping, as well as an interaction-induced breakdown. We confirm the pump's robustness against interactions that are smaller than the protecting gap for both repulsive and attractive interactions. Furthermore, we identify that bound pairs of fermions are responsible for quantized transport at strongly attractive interactions. However, for strong repulsive interactions, topological pumping breaks down, but we show how to reinstate it by modifying the pump trajectory. Our results will prove useful for further investigations of interacting topological matter¹⁰, including edge effects¹¹ and interaction-induced topological phases^12-15.