Gallstone Disease and Its Correlation With Thyroid Disorders: A Narrative Review

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology
• Gastroenterology
• Hepatology

Background:

• Thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, have been increasingly associated with gallstone disease.
• Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in regulating lipid metabolism, bile composition, and gallbladder motility.

Purpose of the Study:

• To elucidate the intricate relationship between thyroid hormone dysfunction and the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone disease.
• To review the molecular mechanisms, including gene and receptor involvement, underlying this association.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies investigating thyroid disorders and gallstone disease.
• Analysis of the physiological roles of thyroid hormones in cholesterol homeostasis and bile acid metabolism.
• Examination of genetic and molecular factors linking thyroid function to gallbladder health.

Main Results:

• Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are significantly associated with an increased risk of cholesterol gallstones.
• Thyroid hormones influence bile cholesterol saturation and gallbladder emptying.
• Genetic factors affecting thyroid hormone secretion, lipid metabolism, and bile secretion are implicated in bile duct diseases.

Conclusions:

• Thyroid hormone disorders are a significant risk factor for cholesterol gallstone disease.
• Dysregulation of cholesterol synthesis, bile function, and gallbladder motility by thyroid hormones contributes to gallstone formation.
• Understanding these associations is crucial for managing patients with both thyroid dysfunction and gallstone disease.