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Updated: Jul 13, 2025

Directed Induction of Retinal Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Directed Induction of Retinal Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: April 21, 2021

Cell replacement with stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells from different protocols.

Ziming Luo¹, Kun-Che Chang²

¹Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.

Neural Regeneration Research

|October 16, 2023

Summary

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Enzymatic Disruption of the Internal Limiting Membrane Enhances Transplanted Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2026

Human stem cell transplantation offers a promising therapy for vision loss caused by glaucoma. This review covers 2D and 3D methods for generating retinal ganglion cells for transplantation, aiding regenerative medicine.

Area of Science:

Regenerative Medicine
Ophthalmology
Stem Cell Biology

Background:

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness due to retinal ganglion cell loss.
Current treatments do not restore vision as retinal ganglion cells do not regenerate.
Human stem cell transplantation is a potential therapeutic approach for these degenerative diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current knowledge on differentiating and transplanting human stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells.
To discuss 2D and 3D methods for retinal ganglion cell generation and transplantation.
To highlight the potential impact on treating glaucoma and other optic neuropathies.

Main Methods:

Review of 2D protocols for rapid retinal ganglion cell differentiation from human stem cells.

Keywords:

cell clumps cell suspension cell transplantation differentiation direct-induced protocol glaucoma optic neuropathy regenerative medicine retinal ganglion cell retinal organoids stem cells

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2025

Directed Induction of Retinal Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Directed Induction of Retinal Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: April 21, 2021

Isolation of Retinal Stem Cells from the Mouse Eye

Isolation of Retinal Stem Cells from the Mouse Eye

Published on: September 11, 2010

Retinal Organoid Induction System for Derivation of 3D Retinal Tissues from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Retinal Organoid Induction System for Derivation of 3D Retinal Tissues from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: April 12, 2021

Discussion of 3D retinal organoid models for retinal ganglion cell transplantation.

Comparison of cell suspension versus cell cluster transplantation outcomes.

Main Results:

Established 2D protocols can generate retinal ganglion cells within two weeks.
3D retinal organoids offer an alternative model for transplantation studies.
Both 2D and 3D approaches show potential for restoring vision in preclinical models.

Conclusions:

Human stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cell transplantation is a viable strategy for treating glaucoma.
Advancements in differentiation and organoid technology are crucial for therapeutic success.
This field holds significant promise for regenerative medicine and vision restoration.