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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
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Infertility in Females

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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The uterine wall consists of three histological layers: the perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium. The outermost perimetrium is a thin, serous membrane connected with the broad ligament on the sides, which helps anchor the uterus in the pelvic cavity. The thickest layer, myometrium, is mainly made up of smooth muscle tissue bundles. Its contractions are vital in facilitating the expulsion of the uterine lining, fetus, and placenta during menstruation and childbirth.
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The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
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Endometriosis: Classification, pathophysiology, and treatment options.

Elma Pašalić1, Murtaza M Tambuwala2, Altijana Hromić-Jahjefendić1

  • 1Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Pathology, Research and Practice
|October 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Endometriosis, a condition where uterine lining grows elsewhere, affects millions of reproductive-age women. While its cause is unclear, retrograde menstruation and immune factors play roles in its painful symptoms and infertility.

Keywords:
DysmenorrheaDyspareuniaEndometriosisInfertilityLaparoscopyRetrograde menstruation

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Gynecology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The human endometrium comprises basalis and functionalis layers, with the functionalis undergoing cyclical changes during the menstrual cycle.
  • Endometriosis involves ectopic endometrial tissue, affecting 6-10% of reproductive-age women globally.
  • Symptoms include pain, heavy bleeding, dyspareunia, and infertility, with disease staging not always correlating with symptom severity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of endometriosis, including its definition, prevalence, symptoms, and current understanding of its etiology.
  • To highlight the role of the immune system in the development and progression of endometriosis.
  • To outline existing management strategies for endometriosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on endometriosis.
  • Analysis of the pathophysiology, including retrograde menstruation and immune system involvement.
  • Compilation of current treatment modalities.

Main Results:

  • Endometriosis is characterized by endometrial tissue outside the uterus, often linked to retrograde menstruation.
  • The immune system contributes to ectopic tissue survival, chronic inflammation, and pain.
  • Symptom severity does not always correlate with the four-stage classification (minimal to severe).

Conclusions:

  • Endometriosis is a complex condition with multifactorial etiology, involving endometrial cells, immune responses, and inflammation.
  • Current management focuses on symptom relief and includes hormonal therapy, NSAIDs, surgery, and lifestyle changes.
  • There is no definitive cure, but various treatments can help manage the disease and improve quality of life.