Solar driven CO₂ hydrogenation to HCOOH on (TiO₂) (n = 1-6) atomic clusters

Artificial photosynthesis is a crucial reaction that addresses energy and environmental challenges by converting CO₂ into fuels and value-added chemicals. However, efficient catalytic activity using earth-abundant materials can be challenging due to intrinsic limitations. Herein, we explore neutral (TiO₂) (n = 1-6) atomic clusters for CO₂ hydrogenation via comprehensive ab initio calculations combined with time-dependent functional theory. Our results show that these (TiO₂) clusters exhibit outstanding thermodynamic stabilities and decent surficial activities for CO₂ activation and H₂ dissociation, both of which possess kinetic barriers down to 0-0.74 eV. We establish a relationship between the binding strength of *CO₂ species and electron characterization for these (TiO₂) clusters. These clusters, which have a wide energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccpied molecular orbital (LUMO) that allows them to harvest the solar light in the ultraviolet regime, enabling efficient catalysis for driving the catalysis of CO₂ conversion. They provide exclusive reaction channels and high selectivity for yielding HCOOH products via the carboxyl mechanism, involving the kinetic barrier of the limiting step of 0.74-1.25 eV. We also investigated the substrate effect on supported (TiO₂) clusters, with non-metallic substrates featuring inert surfaces serving as suitable options for anchoring (TiO₂) clusters while preserving their intrinsic activity and selectivity. These computational results have significant implications not only for meeting energy demands but also for mitigating carbon emissions by utilizing CO₂ as an alternative feedstock rather than considering it solely as a greenhouse gas.