Temperature activated transient receptor potential ion channels from Antarctic fishes

Antarctic notothenioid fishes (cryonotothenioids) live in waters that range between -1.86°C and an extreme maximum +4°C. Evidence suggests these fish sense temperature peripherally, but the molecular mechanism of temperature sensation in unknown. Previous work identified transient receptor potential (TRP) channels TRPA1b, TRPM4 and TRPV1a as the top candidates for temperature sensors. Here, cryonotothenioid TRPA1b and TRPV1a are characterized using Xenopus oocyte electrophysiology. TRPA1b and TRPV1a showed heat-evoked currents with Q10s of 11.1 ± 2.2 and 20.5 ± 2.4, respectively. Unexpectedly, heat activation occurred at a threshold of 22.9 ± 1.3°C for TRPA1b and 32.1 ± 0.6°C for TRPV1a. These fish have not experienced such temperatures for at least 15 Myr. Either (1) another molecular mechanism underlies temperature sensation, (2) these fishes do not sense temperatures below these thresholds despite having lethal limits as low as 5°C, or (3) native cellular conditions modify the TRP channels to function at relevant temperatures. The effects of osmolytes, pH, oxidation, phosphorylation, lipids and accessory proteins were tested. No conditions shifted the activity range of TRPV1a. Oxidation in combination with reduced cholesterol significantly dropped activation threshold of TRPA1b to 11.3 ± 2.3°C, it is hypothesized the effect may be due to lipid raft disruption.