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Related Concept Videos

Adhesion01:14

Adhesion

40.0K
Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
Capillary action is a result of water’s adhesive tendencies. When a narrow...
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Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

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Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
On a...
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation01:31

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Cells migrating in response to external stimuli form lamellipodia, which are thin membrane protrusions supported by a mesh of linked, branched, or unbranched actin filaments. These actin filaments interact with myosin motor proteins, creating the dynamic actomyosin complex within the cytoskeleton. Contractility, or the ability to generate contractile stress, is inherent to the actomyosin complex. It helps cells detect the stiffness of the surrounding ECM and exert contractile force for...
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2025

Self-Assembly of Hybrid Lipid Membranes Doped with Hydrophobic Organic Molecules at the Water/Air Interface
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Autonomous underwater adhesion driven by water-induced interfacial rearrangement.

Le Yao1, Chengjiang Lin2, Xiaozheng Duan3

  • 1School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P.R. China.

Nature Communications
|October 17, 2023
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Summary

This study presents a new autonomous underwater adhesive. The material spontaneously adheres to surfaces underwater, driven by water-induced molecular changes, offering a breakthrough for marine applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Underwater adhesives are crucial for marine exploration and industry.
  • Existing adhesives face challenges with water absorption and require external force for adhesion.
  • Developing spontaneous underwater adhesives is a significant technological goal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an autonomous underwater adhesive with enhanced adhesion properties.
  • To investigate the mechanism behind spontaneous underwater adhesion.
  • To provide insights for next-generation smart adhesive materials.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-benzyl methacrylate) amphiphilic polymer matrix.
  • Incorporation of a hydrophobic imidazolium ionic liquid.
  • Characterization using experimental techniques and molecular dynamic simulations.

Main Results:

  • The adhesive is tough, flexible, and exhibits spontaneous adhesion growth over 24 hours.
  • Adhesion energy increased over fivefold to 458 J·m⁻² on a PET substrate.
  • Water-induced rearrangement of functional groups was identified as the driving force for adhesion.

Conclusions:

  • The developed adhesive demonstrates autonomous and spontaneous underwater adhesion.
  • The material's performance is attributed to water-induced molecular rearrangements.
  • This work paves the way for advanced smart adhesives for underwater applications.