A nationwide study on the prevalence and contributing factors of obstructive sleep apnea in Iran

Reliable obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) prevalence information in Iran is lacking due to inconsistent local study results. To estimate OSA prevalence and identify clinical phenotypes, we conducted a nationally representative study using multi-stage random cluster sampling. We recruited 3198 individuals and extrapolated the results to the entire Iranian population using complex sample survey analyses. We identified 3 clinical phenotypes as "sleepy," "insomnia," and "restless legs syndrome (RLS)." The prevalence of OSA was 28.7% (95%CI: 26.8-30.6). The prevalence of "sleepy," "insomnia," and "RLS" phenotypes were 82.3%, 77.8%, and 36.5% in women, and 64.8%, 67.5%, and 17.9% in men, respectively. "Sleepy" and "insomnia" phenotypes overlapped the most. Age (OR: 1.9), male sex (OR: 3.8), BMI (OR: 1.13), neck circumference (OR: 1.3), RLS (OR: 2.0), and insomnia (OR: 2.3) were significant OSA predictors (p-values: 0.001). In men, "sleepy" phenotype was associated with youth and unmarried status but not in women. The "insomnia" phenotype was associated with shorter sleep duration in women; cardiovascular diseases (CVD), urban residency, and shorter sleep duration in men. "RLS" phenotype was associated with shorter sleep duration and CVD in women and older age, lower educational level, CVD, and hypertension in men. The findings point to the need for funding of OSA screening in Iran, for a different assessment of men and women, and for future sleep research to consider overlapping phenotypes.