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Emergent cooperative behavior in transient compartments.

Jeferson J Arenzon1,2, Luca Peliti3

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Multilevel selection models show that cooperation can thrive in structured populations. Group competition and varying group sizes, driven by cycles of isolation and merging, can maintain diversity and explain the evolution of multicellularity.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Theoretical Ecology
  • Game Theory

Background:

  • Understanding the evolution of cooperation is a central challenge in evolutionary biology.
  • Multilevel selection theory offers a framework to explain cooperation by considering selection acting on both individuals and groups.
  • Population structure and dynamics play crucial roles in shaping evolutionary outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a minimal model of multilevel selection in structured populations.
  • To investigate the interplay between game theory and population dynamics in maintaining cooperation.
  • To explore how cycles of isolation and coalescence influence diversity and the transition to multicellularity.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a minimal mathematical model for multilevel selection.
  • Simulation of population dynamics involving cooperators and defectors.
  • Incorporation of bottleneck processes, group fragmentation, growth, and merging.
  • Analysis of intragroup (mean-field) and intergroup competition.

Main Results:

  • Cooperators can perform well despite intragroup interactions favoring defectors.
  • Intergroup competition and compartment size diversity are key factors promoting cooperation.
  • Cycles of isolation and coalescence can maintain diversity among strategies or species.

Conclusions:

  • Multilevel selection on structured populations provides a mechanism for the maintenance of cooperation.
  • The proposed model offers insights into the scaffolding processes underlying the transition to multicellularity.
  • This framework highlights the importance of population structure and dynamics in evolutionary processes.