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The Picornaviridae Family: Knowledge Gaps, Animal Models, Countermeasures, and Prototype Pathogens.

Raul Andino1, Karla Kirkegaard2,3, Andrew Macadam4

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.

The Journal of Infectious Diseases
|October 18, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Picornaviruses cause serious human illnesses but remain understudied. Further research is needed to develop effective countermeasures and pandemic preparedness strategies against these common viral pathogens.

Keywords:
animal modelcountermeasureenteroviruspandemic preparednesspicornavirusesrhinovirus

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Picornaviruses are a family of nonenveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses.
  • This family includes significant human pathogens like poliovirus, hepatitis A virus, rhinoviruses, and Coxsackieviruses.
  • Picornavirus infections can lead to severe diseases, including acute flaccid myelitis and respiratory complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight knowledge gaps in picornavirus research, including virus entry mechanisms, immune responses, and pathogenesis models.
  • To emphasize the need for developing pan-picornavirus countermeasures.
  • To propose specific prototype pathogens for focused study to advance public health preparedness.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on picornavirus biology and pathogenesis.
  • Identification of key research areas requiring further investigation.
  • Proposal of specific enteroviruses and rhinoviruses as models for future studies.

Main Results:

  • Picornaviruses are common and cause a range of severe human diseases.
  • Significant knowledge gaps exist regarding viral entry, immune responses, and pathogenesis.
  • Existing research, particularly on poliovirus, provides a foundation but is insufficient for broader control.

Conclusions:

  • Further research into picornavirus biology is critical for developing effective countermeasures.
  • Establishing immune-competent animal models and understanding immune responses are essential.
  • Defining prototype pathogens like enterovirus A71, enterovirus D68, human rhinovirus C, and echovirus 29 will aid pandemic preparedness.