A comparison of underwater speakers for fish playback studiesa)

Acoustic playback is a key method used to determine the behavioral significance of animal sounds, including fishes. This study presents the first comparison of the acoustic quality of underwater speakers for the playback of fish sounds. Seven underwater acoustic playback systems were tested for their ability to accurately reproduce the low frequency, pulsed, courtship sounds of a small fish, Tramitichromis intermedius (Cichlidae). Results indicated that in an aquarium with low ambient noise and at low amplitude playback levels (<120 dB re 1 μPa), the Clark Synthesis speakers were the best choice for playback at moderate distances (>20 cm), and that the Electro-Voice UW30 was the best speaker for short distance (<20 cm) playback of low frequency fish sounds. However, in aquaria with higher levels of ambient noise and at higher amplitude playback levels, the Clark Synthesis speakers performed best. However, none of these speaker systems reproduced a high-fidelity quality fish sound. It is important when using underwater speakers for behavioral studies that there is a careful assessment of the played back sound and comparison to the original sound.