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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

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Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which...
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests01:15

Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests

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Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular transmission, causing generalized weakness in skeletal muscles. Initial diagnoses rely on patients' signs, symptoms, and medical history. The challenge lies in distinguishing myasthenia from other muscular dystrophies. An important diagnostic feature is the significant improvement of symptoms after administering anticholinesterase inhibitors.
The edrophonium test is a diagnostic tool for myasthenia gravis. It involves...
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Nervous Tissue: Myelin01:25

Nervous Tissue: Myelin

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The myelin sheath is a multilayered lipid and protein covering that insulates the axon of a neuron, enhancing the speed of nerve impulse conduction. Axons without this sheath are referred to as unmyelinated. Two types of neuroglia, Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for producing myelin sheaths.
Schwann cells begin to form myelin sheaths around axons during fetal development. They wrap around a small...
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Neurons: The Axon01:21

Neurons: The Axon

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Axons are long, cytoplasmic processes of nerve cells capable of propagating electrical impulses known as action potentials. The cytoplasm or axoplasm of an axon contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, small vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and various enzymes, all encased within the axolemma, the plasma membrane of the axon.
The axon attaches to the cell body at a cone-shaped elevation called the axon hillock. The initial part of the axon, closest to the hillock, is known as the initial segment....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2025

A Simple Approach to Induce Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis in C57BL/6 Mice for Functional and Neuropathological Assessments
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Autoimmune Axonal Neuropathies.

Jennifer A Tracy

    Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
    |October 18, 2023
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Autoimmune axonal neuropathies require prompt recognition and assessment for associated systemic disorders. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for potentially reversing deficits or slowing disease progression.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Immunology

    Background:

    • Autoimmune axonal neuropathies present with diverse clinical features and are linked to specific antibodies.
    • Recent guidelines (2021) from the American College of Rheumatology and Vasculitis Foundation address antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitides.

    Approach:

    • This review synthesizes information on clinical presentation, diagnostic testing, and therapeutic strategies for autoimmune axonal neuropathies.
    • It emphasizes the importance of identifying associations with systemic conditions like vasculitis, connective tissue diseases, and neoplasms.

    Key Points:

    • Accurate diagnosis of autoimmune axonal neuropathies is vital due to the potential for effective treatment.
    • Identifying associated systemic disorders ensures comprehensive management of both neurological and non-neurological manifestations.
    • Novel autoantibodies, often paraneoplastic, are increasingly recognized in association with these neuropathies.

    Conclusions:

    • Effective management of autoimmune axonal neuropathies hinges on recognizing their diverse presentations and potential systemic links.
    • Timely intervention can significantly impact patient outcomes, ranging from deficit reversal to slowed disease progression.