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Switching behavior in Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) is a fundamental aspect utilized in various electronic circuits, particularly for digital logic applications like switches and amplifiers. In a typical switching circuit, a BJT alternates between cut-off and saturation modes, corresponding to the "off" and "on" states, respectively, thus behaving like an ideal switch.
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Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer
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Effective temperature for an intermittent bistable potential.

Michael Jade Y Jerez1, Norodin A Rangaig2, Mark Nolan P Confesor1

  • 1Department of Physics and Complex Systems Research Center-PRISM, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200 Iligan City, Philippines.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|October 18, 2023
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Summary

Switching an asymmetric potential ON-OFF affects particle dynamics. Slow switching leads to an effective temperature below room temperature, deviating from equilibrium, while fast switching restores equilibrium conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Non-equilibrium statistical mechanics
  • Soft matter physics

Background:

  • Understanding thermodynamics in far-from-equilibrium systems is crucial.
  • The validity of effective parameters like temperature in dynamic systems is under investigation.
  • Resetting protocols and time-varying fields present challenges to equilibrium assumptions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of switching an asymmetric bistable potential on particle dynamics.
  • To determine the mean first passage time (MFPT) under these conditions.
  • To analyze the system's deviation from equilibrium based on switching rates.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental measurements of particle movement.
  • Numerical simulations of the system's behavior.
  • Analysis of mean first passage time (MFPT).
  • Quantification of deviation from detailed balance and phase-space flux circulation.

Main Results:

  • Switching the potential ON-OFF influences the system's symmetry and dynamics.
  • Slow switching rates result in an effective temperature (Teff) lower than room temperature (T).
  • Fast switching rates drive the system towards equilibrium, approaching room temperature.
  • Deviation from detailed balance and net flux indicate departure from equilibrium at slow switching.

Conclusions:

  • The system deviates from equilibrium at slow switching rates, characterized by an effective temperature.
  • Equilibrium conditions are re-established at high switching rates.
  • The study provides insights into the thermodynamics of periodically driven systems.