Time-restricted feeding affects the fecal microbiome metabolome and its diurnal oscillations in lung cancer mice

The homeostasis of the gut microbiota and circadian rhythm is critical to host health, and both are inextricably intertwined with lung cancer. Although time-restricted feeding (TRF) can maintain circadian synchronization and improve metabolic disorders, the effects of TRF on the fecal microbiome, metabolome and their diurnal oscillations in lung cancer have not been discussed. We performed 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabonomic sequencing of the feces prepared from models of tumor-bearing BALB/c nude mice and urethane-induced lung cancer. We demonstrated for the first time that TRF significantly delayed the growth of lung tumors. Moreover, TRF altered the abundances of the fecal microbiome, metabolome and circadian clocks, as well as their rhythmicity, in lung cancer models of tumor-bearing BALB/c nude mice and/or urethane-induced lung cancer C57BL/6J mice. The results of fecal microbiota transplantation proved that the antitumor effects of TRF occur by regulating the fecal microbiota. Notably, Lactobacillus and Bacillus were increased upon TRF and were correlated with most differential metabolites. Pathway enrichment analysis of metabolites revealed that TRF mainly affected immune and inflammatory processes, which might further explain how TRF exerted its anticancer benefits. These findings underscore the possibility that the fecal microbiome/metabolome regulates lung cancer following a TRF paradigm.