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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2025

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management
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High-resolution maps show that rubber causes substantial deforestation.

Yunxia Wang1, Peter M Hollingsworth2, Deli Zhai3

  • 1Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. wangyx.tina@outlook.com.

Nature
|October 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Deforestation for natural rubber expansion in Southeast Asia has been underestimated. New satellite maps reveal forest loss is at least twofold higher than previously reported, impacting biodiversity.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental science
  • Remote sensing
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Estimating deforestation impacts from cash crops like natural rubber is challenging due to a lack of high-resolution global maps.
  • Previous deforestation estimates for natural rubber varied significantly, leading to uncertainty in policy-making.
  • Understanding the environmental consequences of natural rubber expansion is crucial for conservation efforts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To produce high-resolution maps of natural rubber plantations and associated deforestation in Southeast Asia using Earth observation satellite data.
  • To accurately quantify the extent of forest loss attributable to natural rubber expansion.
  • To provide reliable data for informing policy, trade agreements, and due-diligence legislation regarding natural rubber production.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Earth observation satellite data with high spatial resolution (10m for rubber, 30m for deforestation).
  • Employed cloud computing to process large volumes of satellite imagery for Southeast Asia.
  • Developed and applied methods for direct remote sensing observation to map rubber and deforestation.

Main Results:

  • Generated high-resolution maps showing substantial underestimation of rubber-related forest loss in previous reports and policy figures.
  • Direct remote sensing observations indicate deforestation for rubber is at least two to threefold higher than widely cited figures.
  • Over 4 million hectares of forest loss attributed to rubber since 1993, with over 1 million hectares of plantations in Key Biodiversity Areas.

Conclusions:

  • The environmental impact of natural rubber expansion on biodiversity and ecosystem services in Southeast Asia is extensive and likely underestimated.
  • Current policy and public understanding of natural rubber's deforestation footprint require significant revision based on direct observational data.
  • Natural rubber production warrants greater attention in domestic policies, international trade agreements, and upcoming due-diligence legislation to mitigate its environmental impact.