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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Pathogen Biology
  • Conservation Science

Background:

  • Animals face constant pathogen exposure, but infection barriers usually prevent disease.
  • Planetary changes significantly alter pathogen pressure and exposure dynamics.
  • Shifting ecosystems and climate change create novel conditions for pathogen transmission.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze how global changes influence pathogen exposure and spillover risk in animals.
  • To highlight the role of human activities and climate change in disease emergence.
  • To emphasize the need for improved surveillance in potential spillover hotspots.

Main Methods:

  • Review of ecological and epidemiological factors influencing pathogen spillover.
  • Analysis of impacts from habitat alteration, climate change, and globalization.
  • Assessment of selective pressures on pathogens due to dominant host populations.

Main Results:

  • Habitat changes and increased human-animal contact elevate pathogen exposure.
  • Climate change facilitates pathogen spread into new geographic areas.
  • Overdominance of humans and domestic animals drives pathogen adaptation.

Conclusions:

  • Global changes create conditions favoring pathogen spillover to new hosts.
  • Conservation efforts can mitigate but not eliminate spillover risks.
  • Enhanced surveillance in hotspots is essential for proactive disease outbreak management.