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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes
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Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

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Ro52/TRIM21 - From host defense to autoimmunity.

Emilia Holwek1, Aleksandra Opinc-Rosiak2, Joanna Sarnik2

  • 1Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, Independent Public Healthcare Centre, Central Clinical Hospital of Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 92-213, Poland.

Cellular Immunology
|October 19, 2023
PubMed
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Ro52 (TRIM21) is a ubiquitin ligase vital for immunity. Autoantibodies against TRIM21 are linked to autoimmune diseases, cancers, and infections, impacting clinical features.

Keywords:
AutoantibodiesAutoimmunityRo52TRIM21

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Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Ro52 (TRIM21) is a ubiquitin ligase involved in diverse immunological functions.
  • Abnormal TRIM21 expression can disrupt immune tolerance, leading to autoantibody production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the immunological roles of TRIM21.
  • To analyze the clinical significance of anti-TRIM21 antibodies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of immunological functions and clinical associations of TRIM21.

Main Results:

  • Anti-TRIM21 antibodies are found in autoimmune diseases (Sjögren's syndrome, SLE, myositis), malignancies, infections, and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia.
  • The presence of TRIM21 autoantibodies correlates with specific clinical manifestations, including interstitial lung disease and cardiac/hematological involvement.

Conclusions:

  • TRIM21 plays a key role in immune regulation.
  • Anti-TRIM21 antibodies serve as potential biomarkers across various diseases, influencing clinical presentation and prognosis.