Electromagnetic characteristics of antisymmetric toroidal dipole array of plasmonic metasurfaces

An antisymmetric toroidal dipole array of plasmonic metasurfaces, whose unit cell consisted of a pair of physically connected asymmetric split-ring resonators, is presented in this study. Moreover, a new paradigm was established to control toroidal electric dipole properties. Toroidal electric dipoles and electric and magnetic hybrid pseudo-anapole states are excited owing to imperfect and perfect destructive interference, respectively, which leads to the spatial separation of the electric and magnetic fields and a distinct asymmetric Fano line shape in the transmission spectrum. The imperfect destructive interference was further modified by adjusting the relative position between the even and odd layers of the metasurfaces. The scattered power of the toroidal electric dipole is tuned continuously and linearly, which enables the tailoring of the electromagnetic response. The displacement sensitivity is approximately 0.13 GHz/mm over the range 0-8 mm. The modulation depth of the scattered power of the toroidal electric dipole can reach 740%, realising a toroidal electric-dipole-to-electric-dipole transition. The proposed plasmonic metasurfaces provide a platform to efficiently control near-field enhancement, far-field radiation, and electric-magnetic separation and find potential applications in frequency-selective surfaces, sensors, filters, spectroscopic tests, and many other areas.