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Related Concept Videos

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...
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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Inducing Complete Polyp Regeneration from the Aboral Physa of the Starlet Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis
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Autophagy Behavior in Endothelial Cell Regeneration.

Basheer Abdullah Marzoog1

  • 1World-Class Research Center «Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare», I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia.

Current Aging Science
|October 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Autophagy, a cellular process, is vital for endothelial cell regeneration by clearing damaged components. Enhancing autophagy can improve outcomes by reducing cell degeneration and boosting metabolism.

Keywords:
Cell plasticityautophagycell fateendothelial cellendothelial dysfunctioninduced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC).regenerationreprogramming

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Autophagy is a lysosomal-dependent process crucial for cellular homeostasis, involving the degradation of intracellular components.
  • Endothelial cells rely on autophagy to manage stress, including mitochondrial and lysosomal stress, and the unfolded protein response.
  • Endothelial regeneration strategies are being explored to repair vascular damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of autophagy in endothelial cell regeneration.
  • To investigate how autophagy modulates endothelial cell functions under stress.
  • To explore the potential of inducing autophagy for optimizing endothelial regeneration outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on autophagy and endothelial cell biology.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways common to autophagy and regeneration.
  • Examination of endothelial progenitor cells (iPSCs, ESCs, fibroblasts) in regeneration contexts.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy is integral to endothelial cell homeostasis and stress management.
  • Activation of shared signaling pathways between autophagy and regeneration is key.
  • Enhanced cellular metabolism supports endothelial regeneration.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy induction is a promising strategy for endothelial cell regeneration.
  • Minimizing metabolic degeneration through autophagy can optimize regeneration.
  • Future research should focus on leveraging autophagy for vascular repair.