Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Important Endpoints and Proliferative Markers to Assess Small Intestinal Injury and Adaptation using a Mouse Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis
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Important Endpoints and Proliferative Markers to Assess Small Intestinal Injury and Adaptation using a Mouse Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis

Published on: May 12, 2019

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Histopathologic Manifestations of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy-Associated Gastrointestinal Tract Injury: A

James Michael Mitchell1, Dipti M Karamchandani2

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Electronic address: https://twitter.com/GIJamesMD.

Surgical Pathology Clinics
|October 20, 2023
PubMed

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the management of many advanced cancers by producing robust remissions. They mostly target two immune regulatory pathways: cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and programmed death-1 or its ligand. However, a flip side is the immune-related adverse events (irAEs) commonly affecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that can cause treatment interruptions or discontinuation. This practical review discusses the clinical and histopathologic findings of irAEs encountered in the luminal GI tract, along with histopathologic differentials that can mimic varied inflammatory, infectious, or other medication-associated etiologies and the importance of clinico-pathologic correlation for an accurate diagnosis.

Keywords:
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4Immune checkpoint inhibitorsImmune-related adverse eventsProgrammed death (PD)-1Programmed death ligand (PD-L1)

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