Irradiated and radioactively contaminated foods: Analysis of EU RASFF notifications from 1997 to 2022

Food irradiation technique is an authorized tool used on a commercial scale in many countries to preserve different types of foodstuffs from deterioration caused by microorganisms, insects, and metabolic activity to prolong their shelf life without leaving any residual effect on processed foods, unlike preservatives and pesticides. This study was carried out to analyse the EU Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) notifications on food radiation from 1997 to 2022 in order to identify the most frequently reported products, their origin countries and associated reasons for notification, as well as the most notifying countries, product categories, notification classification, risk decisions, and actions taken. A total of 488 notifications were recorded during this time period. China was the most frequently notified origin country, accounting for 19.88% of all notifications, followed by the United States (11.68%), Russia (7.99%), Vietnam (7.17%), and Poland (5.53%). The top notified product categories were "dietetic foods, food supplements, and fortified foods" (37.09%), followed by fruits and vegetables (23.16%), herbs and spices (8.81%), and prepared dishes and snacks (5.53%). The top 5 notified products were food supplements (25.00%), mushrooms (20.70%), noodles (7.58%), tea (4.51%), and spices (3.69%). The four main reasons for food radiation notifications were unauthorized irradiation (57.58%), too high levels of radioactivity (22.34%), unlabeled irradiation (19.47%), and unauthorized facilities (14.96%). Too many notifications included more than one reason for the notification. Out of 109 notifications related to too-high levels of radioactivity (up to 10755 Bq/kg), 101 were due to the presence of ¹³⁷Cs, ¹³⁴Cs, ⁶⁰Co, and ⁴⁸Cd in mushrooms, mainly originating from Poland (25), Bulgaria (24), Ukraine (15), and Belarus (12). Such studies provide the necessary data to ensure food safety and encourage countries to implement comprehensive procedures to protect consumers health.