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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Mouth01:26

Assessment of the Mouth

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A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
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Hand hygiene01:23

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
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Handwashing is hand hygiene with plain or antimicrobial soap and water to physically remove dirt, organic material, and microorganisms. However, it may not kill all microorganisms. The handwashing procedure requires a hand wash basin, liquid soap, paper towels, a domestic waste bin, and disposable nail cleaner as optional equipment.
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Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
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The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
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Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Concurrent Quantification of Cellular and Extracellular Components of Biofilms
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Mouthwashes: Implications for Practice.

Zoë L S Brookes1, Michael McCullough2, Purnima Kumar3

  • 1Peninsula Dental School, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK.

International Dental Journal
|October 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mouthwashes, like fluoride for caries and chlorhexidine for periodontal disease, are recommended as adjunctive oral care. However, their routine use may not benefit everyone and requires more research.

Keywords:
BacteriaCariesChlorhexidineGingivitisMouthwash

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Area of Science:

  • Oral Health
  • Microbiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Current global guidelines suggest specific mouthwashes as adjunctive oral care for managing dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontal disease.
  • Fluoride mouthwashes are recommended for caries management, while chlorhexidine is suggested for periodontal diseases, based on moderate evidence.
  • Gaps in the literature exist, particularly concerning the robust evidence for natural mouthwashes and their adjunctive use.

Approach:

  • This review summarizes current international guidelines on the adjunctive use of mouthwashes for common oral conditions.
  • It critically evaluates the evidence base supporting the use of various mouthwash ingredients, including fluoride, chlorhexidine, essential oils, and cetylpyridinium chloride.
  • The review also considers potential risks and the need for further in vivo research.

Key Points:

  • Mouthwash use should always be adjunctive to mechanical oral hygiene measures.
  • Evidence supports fluoride for caries and chlorhexidine for periodontal disease, but robust data for other agents like natural mouthwashes is lacking.
  • Potential risks include allergic reactions, oral dysbiosis, antimicrobial resistance, and environmental effects.

Conclusions:

  • Mouthwashes may offer limited value for individuals with good oral health or low caries risk.
  • Further clinical trials are essential to establish the efficacy and safety of various mouthwash formulations.
  • Dental practitioners must stay updated on emerging evidence and guidelines for informed patient recommendations.