Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

378
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
378
Arteries of the Lower Limbs01:24

Arteries of the Lower Limbs

194
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
194
Overview of Synapses01:25

Overview of Synapses

2.4K
A synapse is a specialized structure where two neurons connect, allowing them to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron. It is the point of communication between neurons. The term "synapse" is derived from the Greek word "synapsis," which means "conjunction." The entire process of neural communication revolves around the synapse. When activated, a neuron releases chemicals known as neurotransmitters into the synapse. These neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to...
2.4K
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

192
Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
192
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

383
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
383
Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers01:17

Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers

418
Calcium channel blockers, a class of antiepileptic drugs, regulate the flow of calcium ions within neurons.
Calcium channel blockers exert their antiepileptic effects by targeting T-type calcium channels, which are integral to transmitting nerve signals in the central nervous system. These channels allow the passage of calcium ions, which are vital for neuronal communication. By inhibiting T-type calcium channels, calcium channel blockers effectively reduce the release of neurotransmitters and...
418

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Interpectoral and Pectoserratus Plane Blocks Compared with Serratus Anterior Plane Blocks for Postoperative Pain Management in Breast Surgery (Mastectomy, Lumpectomy, and Reconstruction): A Narrative Review.

Journal of pain research·2026
Same author

Sleep and psychiatric disorders: Bidirectional interactions and shared neurobiological mechanisms.

PLOS mental health·2026
Same author

Efficacy of Ketamine Infusion for Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder in Patients with Chronic Pain: a Narrative Review.

Current pain and headache reports·2025
Same author

The Role of Sleep and the Effects of Sleep Loss on Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Processes.

Cureus·2025
Same author

Effects of metformin on glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A pilot randomized trial.

Physiological reports·2024
Same author

Autoimmune Myelitis and Myocarditis in a Patient With Anti-Aquaporin-4, Antinuclear, and Antiphospholipid Autoantibodies: The Neuromyelitis Optica-Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (NMO-SLE) Overlap Syndrome.

Cureus·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus
08:28

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

Published on: April 5, 2011

17.8K

Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus With Generalized Spike-and-Wave Discharges: Pathophysiological and Nosological

Madison C Wolf1, Kristen S Butner1, Elizabeth B Brinkley2

  • 1Electrodiagnostic Technology, LCMC Health, New Orleans, USA.

Cureus
|October 23, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Generalized spike-and-wave discharges (GSWDs) on EEG are not exclusive to idiopathic generalized epilepsy. These EEG patterns can indicate nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) in patients with focal epilepsy or no prior epilepsy history.

Keywords:
absencede novodialepticfrontal lobe epilepsynonconvulsivespike-and-wavestatus epilepticusthalamocortical

More Related Videos

Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System
08:43

Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System

Published on: July 21, 2015

25.7K
Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
10:22

Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy

Published on: December 6, 2016

20.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus
08:28

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

Published on: April 5, 2011

17.8K
Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System
08:43

Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System

Published on: July 21, 2015

25.7K
Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
10:22

Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy

Published on: December 6, 2016

20.4K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Epileptology
  • Clinical Neurophysiology

Background:

  • Absence status epilepticus (ASE), a common form of status epilepticus in idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE), is characterized by generalized spike-and-wave discharges (GSWDs) on EEG.
  • Historically, GSWDs were considered specific to IGE, but recent observations indicate their presence in other epilepsy types and even in non-epileptic individuals.

Observation:

  • This study reports three distinct cases of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) where GSWDs were the primary EEG finding.
  • Cases included a patient with juvenile absence epilepsy presenting with ASE, an elderly patient with anoxic brain injury experiencing NCSE with IGE-like GSWDs, and a patient with frontal lobe epilepsy developing focal NCSE.

Findings:

  • Patients with generalized epilepsy, focal epilepsy, and no prior epilepsy can exhibit NCSE with similar electroclinical features, specifically GSWDs and impaired consciousness.
  • The presence of GSWDs in diverse epilepsy etiologies challenges the traditional classification of seizures.

Implications:

  • These findings suggest that seizure pathophysiology often involves both focal and generalized elements, irrespective of initial classification.
  • Moving beyond the rigid focal-versus-generalized paradigm is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of seizure and epilepsy mechanisms.
  • This broadens the diagnostic considerations for NCSE presenting with GSWDs.