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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow...

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

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Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...

Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias

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Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that range from benign to life-threatening. A thorough evaluation is crucial for appropriate management and involves a comprehensive medical history, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests.Medical HistorySymptoms: Collect detailed information on palpitations, dizziness, syncope, chest pain, and fatigue. Note their onset, frequency, and triggers.Previous Cardiac Issues: Document any history of heart...

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

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Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...

Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias

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Tachyarrhythmias are a type of dysrhythmia where the heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute. Here are some common types of tachyarrhythmias:Sinus TachycardiaSinus tachycardia originates from increased impulses from the sinus node, leading to an elevated heart rate. It is often triggered by stress, fever, or exercise.Patients may experience palpitations, a sensation of a racing heart, dizziness, and chest discomfort.Causes and Risk Factors: Common causes include physical exertion, emotional...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Estimating Bilateral Atrial Function by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

Estimating Bilateral Atrial Function by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

Published on: July 20, 2022

Does asymptomatic atrial fibrillation exist?

Herman A Carneiro¹, Bradley Knight¹

¹Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology

|October 23, 2023

Summary

Atrial fibrillation (AF) awareness doesn't capture all risks. AF burden, a new metric, may better reflect the impact of AF on patients, even if they are unaware of their condition.

Keywords:

asymptomatic atrial fibrillation burden clinical outcomes

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Estimating Bilateral Atrial Function by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

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Area of Science:

Cardiology
Electrophysiology

Background:

Current atrial fibrillation (AF) classification relies on patient-reported symptoms, potentially underestimating risks in unaware individuals.
This subjective approach overlooks serious adverse events like stroke, heart failure, and cognitive decline associated with AF.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine the impact of AF on patients who are unaware of their condition.
To evaluate the utility of AF burden as a clinical endpoint in AF management.
To explore potential improvements for the AF burden metric.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature and clinical trial data concerning AF classification and endpoints.
Analysis of the concept and application of AF burden in research.
Discussion based on a presentation at the 2023 ECAS congress.

Main Results:

Patient awareness is an inadequate measure for AF severity and associated risks.
AF burden is emerging as a more comprehensive endpoint than symptom reporting or recurrence time.
The correlation between AF burden, symptoms, and clinical outcomes requires further investigation.

Conclusions:

Rethinking AF classification beyond symptoms is crucial for effective patient management.
AF burden offers a promising, objective metric for assessing AF's clinical significance.
Refinement of the AF burden metric is needed to enhance its clinical applicability.