Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

2.8K
Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when...
2.8K
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

2.5K
Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over...
2.5K
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

123
E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
123
Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

101
In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant...
101
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

837
Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
837
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

249
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
249

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Author Correction: Cerebellar aging is spatially heterogeneous and supports cognitive resilience in later life.

Nature neuroscience·2026
Same author

Precise calcium-to-spike inference using biophysical generative models.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Cerebellar aging is spatially heterogeneous and supports cognitive resilience in later life.

Nature neuroscience·2026
Same author

Temperature and intrinsic Ca<sup>2+</sup> reshape TRPM4 pharmacology.

Nature structural & molecular biology·2026
Same author

High-frequency spike inference with particle Gibbs sampling.

eLife·2026
Same author

Lightning Pose 3D: an uncertainty-aware framework for data-efficient multi-view animal pose estimation.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Whole-Embryo 3D Quantification Reveals Conserved Topological Design and Scaling of Germ Layers in Xenopus.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

scRNA-seq and genomics analyses reveal key mechanisms of inverted papilloma-associated sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma malignant transformation.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

M1C IS NECESSARY FOR DARAXONRASIB RESISTANCE OF NSCLC KRAS(G12C) MUTANT CELLS.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

A human-specific genetic modifier reconfigures large-scale cortical network dynamics underlying behavioral performance.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> uses a eukaryotic-like uridyltransferase to make UDP-GlcNAc for cell wall synthesis.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Dynamic redistribution of eIF4F controls cap-dependent translation initiation.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning
11:20

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

Published on: June 2, 2014

12.0K

A neural mechanism for learning from delayed postingestive feedback.

Christopher A Zimmerman1, Scott S Bolkan1, Alejandro Pan-Vazquez1

  • 1Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|October 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The brain uses postingestive feedback to link flavors with outcomes. This study shows that reactivating neural flavor representations in the amygdala after a meal helps assign credit for taste learning.

More Related Videos

Slice Patch Clamp Technique for Analyzing Learning-Induced Plasticity
11:56

Slice Patch Clamp Technique for Analyzing Learning-Induced Plasticity

Published on: November 11, 2017

15.4K
A Flexible Platform for Monitoring Cerebellum-Dependent Sensory Associative Learning
11:32

A Flexible Platform for Monitoring Cerebellum-Dependent Sensory Associative Learning

Published on: January 19, 2022

3.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning
11:20

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

Published on: June 2, 2014

12.0K
Slice Patch Clamp Technique for Analyzing Learning-Induced Plasticity
11:56

Slice Patch Clamp Technique for Analyzing Learning-Induced Plasticity

Published on: November 11, 2017

15.4K
A Flexible Platform for Monitoring Cerebellum-Dependent Sensory Associative Learning
11:32

A Flexible Platform for Monitoring Cerebellum-Dependent Sensory Associative Learning

Published on: January 19, 2022

3.5K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Biology
  • Sensory Science

Background:

  • Animals learn food preferences and aversions based on postingestive feedback.
  • The brain's mechanism for linking flavors to delayed postingestive signals remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how the brain assigns credit to flavors experienced during a meal with delayed postingestive feedback.
  • Identify neural mechanisms underlying taste aversion learning.

Main Methods:

  • Surveyed brain-wide activation patterns in mice during aversive postingestive learning.
  • Combined high-density amygdala recordings with optogenetic stimulation of hindbrain malaise cells.
  • Examined neural representations of novel versus familiar flavors.

Main Results:

  • A network of amygdala regions preferentially activated by novel flavors throughout learning.
  • Postingestive malaise signals reactivated amygdalar novel flavor representations from a recent meal.
  • Malaise-driven reactivation strengthened neural responses and stabilized flavor representations.

Conclusions:

  • Postingestive reactivation of amygdalar flavor representations is a key mechanism for temporal credit assignment in taste learning.
  • This process enables the brain to link flavors to their delayed postingestive consequences.
  • Understanding this mechanism sheds light on how the brain learns from experience.