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Transcription Elongation Factors

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Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Suppression of Pro-fibrotic Signaling Potentiates Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Induced Cardiomyocytes

Suppression of Pro-fibrotic Signaling Potentiates Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Induced Cardiomyocytes

Published on: June 3, 2018

Rtf1-dependent transcriptional pausing regulates cardiogenesis.

Adam D Langenbacher¹, Fei Lu¹, Luna Tsang¹

¹Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology

|October 24, 2023

Summary

Transcription factor Rtf1 is crucial for heart development, regulating gene expression. Its absence halts cardiac progenitor development by affecting RNA Polymerase II pausing.

Keywords:

PAF1 complex PAF1C Rtf1 cardiogenesis lateral plate mesoderm promoter-proximal pausing transcription regulation

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Last Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Suppression of Pro-fibrotic Signaling Potentiates Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Induced Cardiomyocytes

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Published on: June 3, 2018

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

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Published on: June 3, 2016

Assessing Cardiomyocyte Subtypes Following Transcription Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts

Assessing Cardiomyocyte Subtypes Following Transcription Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts

Published on: March 22, 2017

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Cardiac progenitor specification relies on transcription factors, but post-initiation regulation is less understood.
The PAF1C component Rtf1 regulates RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) pausing and elongation, impacting gene expression.
Rtf1's role in cardiogenesis and its precise molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated.

Conclusions:

Rtf1 plays a vital role in normal cardiac development by modulating transcriptional pausing.
Transcriptional pausing is a critical regulatory mechanism for maintaining appropriate cardiac gene expression levels during development.
Understanding Rtf1's function provides insights into the molecular basis of congenital heart defects related to transcriptional dysregulation.