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Related Concept Videos

Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
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Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
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The Synapse02:47

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Neurons communicate with one another by passing on their electrical signals to other neurons. A synapse is the location where two neurons meet to exchange signals. At the synapse, the neuron that sends the signal is called the presynaptic cell, while the neuron that receives the message is called the postsynaptic cell. Note that most neurons can be both presynaptic and postsynaptic, as they both transmit and receive information.
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Synaptic Activity Causes Minute-scale Changes in BAF Complex Composition and Function.

S Gourisankar, W Wenderski, J A Paulo

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The study reveals how neural activity rapidly alters the BAF chromatin remodeling complex, impacting gene regulation critical for brain development and function in intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorder.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Deleterious mutations in SWI/SNF/BAF complexes are linked to intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorder.
    • Synaptic activity regulates neuronal function, learning, and memory through rapid transcriptional changes.
    • The immediate effects of neural activity on BAF complexes remain largely unknown.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the minute-scale biochemical consequences of neural activity on BAF complexes.
    • To define activity-dependent BAF complex alterations and their functional impact on transcription.

    Main Methods:

    • Primary cortical neurons from embryonic mice were subjected to membrane depolarization to model neural activity.
    • Acute chemical perturbations assessed BAF ATPase activity and kinase signaling.
    • Changes in BAF subunit composition, phosphorylation, and chromatin accessibility were analyzed.

    Main Results:

    • Within 10 minutes of depolarization, BAF complexes exhibited altered subunit composition and selective phosphorylation.
    • Increased Baf200/Arid2 levels correlated with chromatin opening at specific DNA motifs.
    • BAF modifications regulated chromatin accessibility for neurogenesis transcription factors, integrating upstream signaling pathways.

    Conclusions:

    • BAF complexes rapidly respond to neural activity by altering their composition and phosphorylation state.
    • These dynamic BAF changes facilitate transcription factor binding and regulate gene expression crucial for neuronal function.
    • The findings elucidate a membrane-to-nucleus signaling cascade involving BAF in activity-dependent gene regulation.