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Working Memory

Working Memory

Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Published on: September 20, 2020

A Multinomial Processing Tree Model of the 2-back Working Memory Task.

Michael D Lee¹, Percy K Mistry², Vinod Menon^2,3,4

¹Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.

Computational Brain & Behavior

|October 24, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We introduce a new cognitive model for the 2-back task, enhancing working memory and inhibition measurement. This model offers interpretable parameters for individual differences in cognitive processes.

Keywords:

2-back task Bayesian methods Human Connectome Project Multinomial processing trees Psychometric models n-back task

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Neuroscience
Psychometrics

Background:

The 2-back task is a standard measure of working memory and inhibitory control.
Existing models may not fully dissociate underlying cognitive processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel computational model for the 2-back task using Multinomial Processing Trees.
To provide interpretable parameters for memory, decision-making, and response bias.
To apply and validate the model on diverse datasets.

Main Methods:

Developed a three-parameter model (memory, decision, base-rate) within the Multinomial Processing Trees framework.
Tested parameter recovery using existing 2-back experimental designs.
Applied the model to datasets from social psychology (racial face perception) and cognitive neuroscience (Human Connectome Project).

Main Results:

Demonstrated the model's ability to recover parameters and infer individual-level cognitive processes.
Extended the model hierarchically to compare stimulus conditions (e.g., different races).
Utilized a multivariate regression extension to link model parameters with performance on other cognitive tasks (List Sorting, Flanker).

Conclusions:

The novel model effectively dissociates cognitive processes like encoding, inhibition, and binding failures in the 2-back task.
The model provides a flexible framework for analyzing working memory and inhibition across different research domains.
This approach facilitates a deeper understanding of individual differences in cognitive control.