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Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which...
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Polyamine-containing natural products: structure, bioactivity, and biosynthesis.

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This review covers polyamine-containing natural products (NPs) and their diverse bioactivities. We explore their sources, structures, and biosynthesis, highlighting potential in medicine and agriculture.

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Area of Science:

  • Natural Product Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Polyamine-containing natural products (NPs) are derived from diverse organisms.
  • These NPs exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antitumor, and antioxidant properties.
  • Their potential applications in human health and agriculture drive significant research interest.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the sources, structures, classification, bioactivities, and biosynthesis of polyamine-containing NPs.
  • To focus on the biosynthetic mechanisms of polyamines and key classes of polyamine-containing molecules.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview for researchers in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies published from 2005 to August 2023.
  • Systematic summary of identified polyamine-containing natural products.
  • Analysis of biosynthetic pathways and molecular classifications.

Main Results:

  • Cataloged diverse polyamine-containing NPs from terrestrial and marine sources.
  • Detailed various bioactivities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects.
  • Classified NPs into polyamine alkaloids, siderophores, and hybrid molecules like NRP-(PK)-PA and NRP-PK-lcPFAN.

Conclusions:

  • Polyamine-containing NPs represent a rich source of bioactive compounds with significant therapeutic and agricultural potential.
  • Understanding their biosynthesis is crucial for the discovery and development of new agents.
  • This review consolidates current knowledge, providing a foundation for future research.