Naringenin improves muscle endurance via activation of the Sp1-ERRγ transcriptional axis

Skeletal muscle function declines in the aging process or disease; however, until now, skeletal muscle has remained one of the organs most undertreated with medication. In this study, naringenin (NAR) was found to build muscle endurance in wild-type mice of different ages by increasing oxidative myofiber numbers and aerobic metabolism, and it ameliorates muscle dysfunction in mdx mice. The transcription factor Sp1 was identified as a direct target of NAR and was shown to mediate the function of NAR on muscle. Moreover, the binding site of NAR on Sp1 was further validated as GLN-110. NAR enhances the binding of Sp1 to the CCCTGCCCTC sequence of the Esrrg promoter by promoting Sp1 phosphorylation, thus upregulating Esrrg expression. The identification of the Sp1-ERRγ transcriptional axis is of great significance in basic muscle research, and this function of NAR has potential implications for the improvement of muscle function and the prevention of muscle atrophy.