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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
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Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice
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Neuroscience: Building better cognition through smell.

Donald A Wilson1, Regina M Sullivan1

  • 1Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.

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|October 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Postnatal olfactory bulb activity shapes brain development in mice. Disrupting this early sensory input in infancy leads to impaired cognitive function later in life.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Sensory Systems

Background:

  • Developmental neural activity is crucial for organizing sensory system development.
  • The olfactory bulb's role in modulating higher-order brain circuits is an emerging area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of postnatal olfactory bulb activity on the development of hippocampal-cortical circuits.
  • To determine if early olfactory sensory input influences later cognitive abilities.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a mouse model to study neural development.
  • Manipulated cell-specific olfactory bulb output during a critical infant sensitive period.
  • Assessed structural and functional development of hippocampal-cortical circuits.
  • Evaluated cognitive function in later life.

Main Results:

  • Postnatal olfactory bulb activity was found to modulate the development of hippocampal-cortical circuit structure and function.
  • Reducing olfactory bulb output during the infant sensitive period resulted in impaired later-life cognition.

Conclusions:

  • Early olfactory sensory experiences are critical for the proper development of brain circuits underlying cognition.
  • Interventions targeting early sensory processing may have long-term implications for cognitive health.