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Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

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When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

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Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
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IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration01:16

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A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
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Diffusion on Chromatography Columns01:07

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In column chromatography, when an analyte is introduced as a narrow band at the top of the column, the solutes begin to separate and broaden, developing a Gaussian profile. This broadening occurs due to various factors, such as longitudinal diffusion.
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IR Spectrum01:19

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When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
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Thermal Gradient Infrared Spectroscopy for Diffusion in Polymers.

Ashley David1,2, Micah Silverman1,2, Kyoungmin Kim3

  • 1Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|October 25, 2023
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Summary

A new thermal gradient method using FTIR-ATR spectroscopy effectively measures diffusion in polymer electrolytes. This technique offers a repeatable approach for determining diffusion coefficients in materials for solid-state batteries and energy conversion devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Diffusion measurement in polymers is crucial for developing advanced energy devices.
  • Traditional methods face limitations, especially with opaque or translucent samples.
  • Polymer electrolytes, like those containing LiTFSI in SEO, are key components in solid-state batteries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate a novel method for measuring diffusion coefficients in polymer electrolytes.
  • To compare a new temperature gradient approach with a previously established lamination method.
  • To determine the activation energy for salt diffusion in polystyrene-poly(ethylene oxide) (SEO) electrolytes.

Main Methods:

  • Time-resolved Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy was employed.
  • A temperature gradient was used to induce salt concentration gradients via the Soret effect (Method 1).
  • Results were compared to a method using laminated polymer electrolyte films with different salt concentrations (Method 2).

Main Results:

  • The thermal gradient FTIR-ATR method proved effective and repeatable for measuring Fickian diffusion coefficients.
  • The study determined the activation energy for salt diffusion in SEO electrolytes.
  • FTIR-ATR overcomes limitations of previous experimental techniques for diffusion measurement.

Conclusions:

  • Thermal gradient FTIR-ATR is a viable technique for characterizing diffusion in viscoelastic solids.
  • This method facilitates the development of materials for solid-state batteries and thermogalvanic cells.
  • Accurate diffusion measurements are essential for improving energy conversion and storage systems.