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Published on: July 29, 2020
Nutrition transition in Brazilian children under 5 years old from 2006 to 2019
Inês Rugani Ribeiro de Castro1, Luiz Antonio Dos Anjos2, Elisa Maria de Aquino Lacerda3
1Instituto de Nutrição, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
Insights
Brazilian children
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Nutrition
- Public Health
- Nutritional Epidemiology
Background:
- The nutrition transition significantly impacts child health outcomes.
- Understanding trends in child nutrition is crucial for public health interventions.
- Brazilian children face evolving nutritional challenges.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze the nutrition transition in Brazilian children under 5 years old between 2006 and 2019.
- To assess changes in micronutrient status, anthropometric status, and breastfeeding practices.
- To identify disparities in nutritional indicators based on socioeconomic and demographic factors.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of microdata from the Brazilian National Survey on Demography and Health of Women and Children (PNDS 2006) and the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019).
- Evaluation of indicators including anemia, vitamin A deficiency, stunting, excessive weight, and breastfeeding.
- Assessment of minimum dietary diversity, ultra-processed food consumption, and fruit/vegetable intake.
Main Results:
- Anemia and vitamin A deficiency prevalence decreased significantly.
- Stunting rates remained stable, while excessive weight prevalence increased.
- Exclusive and continued breastfeeding rates showed upward trends.
- Minimum dietary diversity was achieved by 61.5% of children in 2019.
- Disparities related to region, maternal schooling, and race/skin color generally decreased.
Conclusions:
- Brazil has experienced a mixed nutrition transition in young children, with improvements in some areas and worsening in others.
- Increased breastfeeding and reduced micronutrient deficiencies are positive trends.
- Rising excessive weight and high ultra-processed food consumption are public health concerns.
- Progress has been made in reducing nutritional disparities among Brazilian children.
Abstract:
This manuscript aims to report the nutrition transition in Brazilian children under 5 years old from 2006 to 2019. Microdata from the Brazilian National Survey on Demography and Health of Women and Children (PNDS 2006) and the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) were analyzed. The indicators considered were: micronutrient status (anemia and vitamin A deficiency), anthropometric status (stunting and excessive weight), and breastfeeding practice (exclusive breastfeeding among children < 6 months and continued breastfeeding among children 12-23 months). We also analyzed minimum dietary diversity (MDD), consumption of ultra-processed foods, consumption of meat or eggs, and not consuming fruits or vegetables in children 6-59 months of age only for ENANI-2019. Equiplot charts were generated according to geographic region, maternal schooling level, and maternal race/skin color. From 2006 to 2019, the prevalence rates of anemia and vitamin A deficiency decreased from 20.5% to 10.1% and 17.2% to 6%, respectively. The prevalence of stunting remained at 7%, and excessive weight rates increased from 6% to 10.1%. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among children < 6 months increased from 38.6% to 45.8%, and of continued breastfeeding among children 12-23 months from 34.6% to 43.6%. In 2019, 61.5% of children achieved the MDD, 88.8% consumed ultra-processed foods, 83.1% consumed meat or egg, and 25.7% did not consume fruits or vegetables the day before the survey. Trends of decreased micronutrient deficiencies, increased breastfeeding, and excessive weight rates, as well as reductions in disparities related to geographic region, maternal schooling level, and maternal race/skin color, were observed for most of the indicators.
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