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Medullary bundles in Caryophyllales: form, function, and evolution.

Israel L Cunha Neto1,2, Elson Felipe S Rossetto3, Caian S Gerolamo2

  • 1Department of Environmental Studies, New York University, New York, NY, 10012, USA.

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Conducting vascular tissue in the pith (CVTP) evolved multiple times in Caryophyllales. Medullary bundles, a type of CVTP, show structural diversity and enhance hydraulic conductivity, correlating with higher plant diversification rates.

Keywords:
Cactaceaeevolution of correlated traitshydraulic conductivitymedullary bundlesstate-dependent diversificationtrait evolutionvascular tissue

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Area of Science:

  • Plant anatomy
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Phylogenetics

Background:

  • Conducting vascular tissue in the pith (CVTP) is a notable feature in tracheophytes.
  • Medullary bundles, a form of CVTP, have evolved repeatedly in angiosperms, particularly within the Caryophyllales order.
  • Existing data on medullary bundles are fragmented, limiting understanding of their structure-function relationships and evolutionary significance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the diversity, function, evolution, and diversification dynamics of medullary bundles in Caryophyllales.
  • To construct a phylogeny for Caryophyllales using molecular markers.
  • To analyze anatomical data for medullary bundle occurrence and structure across numerous species and families.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis using three plastid molecular markers (matK, rbcL, and rps16 intron) for 561 Caryophyllales species.
  • Assembly of anatomical data for 856 species across 40 families to document medullary bundle diversity.
  • Testing for correlated evolution between medullary bundles and successive cambia.

Main Results:

  • Medullary bundles are ancestrally absent in Caryophyllales but evolved independently in various families.
  • These bundles exhibit significant structural diversity (number, arrangement, types) and are functionally active, improving hydraulic conductivity, especially in herbaceous species.
  • The acquisition of medullary bundles is linked to increased diversification rates, although it does not solely explain diversification rate heterogeneity.
  • Convergent evolution of CVTP in Caryophyllales is driven by disparate developmental pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Medullary bundles represent a key area for functional and comparative molecular studies within Caryophyllales.
  • The repeated evolution and functional significance of medullary bundles highlight their importance in plant adaptation and diversification.
  • Understanding the evolutionary trajectories of vascular tissue in the pith offers insights into plant evolution and adaptation strategies.