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DO Toxic Invasive Prey Become a Toxin Source for Native Consumers?

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Invasive toads on Sado Island provide a new toxin source, bufadienolides (BDs), for native Rhabdophis snakes. Snakes living with invasive toads sequester these toxins, demonstrating a novel ecological impact of invasive species.

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Rhabdophis tigrinusInvasive preyInvasive toadNative ConsumerToxic preyToxin Sequestration

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Invasive species can disrupt native ecosystems and pose threats to consumers.
  • Some consumers sequester toxins from prey for their own defense.
  • Toxic invasive prey may serve as a toxin source for native consumers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between invasive toads and native Rhabdophis snakes on Sado Island.
  • To determine if native snakes sequester bufadienolides (BDs) from invasive toads.
  • To identify the toxin source for BD-possessing snakes.

Main Methods:

  • Collected Rhabdophis tigrinus snakes from areas with and without invasive toads (Bufo japonicus formosus).
  • Analyzed snakes for the presence of bufadienolides (BDs).
  • Characterized the BD profile of snakes to identify the toxin source.

Main Results:

  • Rhabdophis tigrinus snakes sympatric with invasive toads possessed BDs.
  • Snakes allopatric to invasive toads lacked BDs.
  • The BD profile indicated Bufo japonicus formosus as the toxin source.

Conclusions:

  • Invasive toads serve as a dietary source of bufadienolides for native Rhabdophis snakes.
  • This represents a novel instance of toxin supply from invasive prey to native consumers.
  • Toxic invasive species can have complex impacts on native food webs and consumer defense.