Dyspareunia: Etiology, presentation, and management

Dyspareunia in women is a recurrent pain in the genital and/or pelvic area associated with sexual intercourse. Dyspareunia is associated with increased risk of sexual dysfunction and relationship distress, and it may impact an individual's confidence, self-image, and self-esteem. Pain resulting from dyspareunia can be superficial or deep; it can range from intermittent to continuous and dull to sharp. Regardless of presentation, many women are reluctant to report symptoms to providers, making it an underreported yet common condition. The onus lies with practitioners to form trusting and safe relationships with patients in which such discussions are possible. A knowledgeable practitioner can encourage disclosure and improve outcomes for patients with dyspareunia.